Happening & Performance
Happening with vinyl umbrella and candle light. This clearly shows that even though it had been 6 years since Yves Klein presented Le Vide(1958) exhibition and Les anthrophometres de l'epoque bleu (1960) to the world ? to Koreans though through newspapers ? the concept of ‘performance’ was at its embryonic stage, only being considered through experiments by very few avant-garde artists.
In the performance, members of group ‘Mu’ and ‘Shin Jun’ ² start to move about slowly in a circle with Youngja Kim, a member of ‘Mu’ at the center, singing a song called ‘Bird Bird Blue Bird’, a well-known folklore song ascribed to Bongjoon Jun who led ‘Donghak Peasants Revolution’³ in 1894.
Happening with vinyl umbrella and candle light was carried out as following. Kim sits down, holding an open vinyl umbrella between two upright parts of a whole installation work titled Stovepipe made by Boonghyun Choi. In the 1960-70s, stovepipe was widely utilized heating equipment of briquette stove in Seoul; he borrowed it as an installation art work thinking the context of Korean scene.
The group of performers who was forming a spinning circle started sticking in a lit-up candle, followed by another identical movement in a circle, making a sudden collective raid on the woman, putting off the candle light and ripping the umbrella apart. The scenario writer, Kwangsu Oh and other artists insisted that the umbrella was a symbol for the nuclear explosion, candle for pure human spirit, and the conjunction of the song and their performance allegedly represented the chance events like Dadaistic happenings.
It can be considered, and thereby inferred, that the writers and artists carrying out performance art believed that to propose a form of artistic expression similar to Western avant-garde was to ensure the legitimacy of progressive avant-garde of Korea.
However, contrary to their belief, I reckon the mixture of performances featuring ‘Bird Bird Blue Bird’ song and ‘umbrella and candle light’ endeavor, while revealing their revolutionary conscience, goes beyond borrowing from Dadaist issues such as the concept of contingency or ‘chance’. This is because implicitly ingrained in them was their will to resist governmental repression that forced them down. This realm of thought, besides Homi Baba’s post-colonialist perspective saying ‘almost the same but not quite’, tells us about the inseparability of ‘art and society’ unique to Korean circumstances at the time. ⁴
(Kang rips off the umbrella, smiling joyously.)(The 2nd from left)
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¹ ‘Chungnyun jakka yeunlipjun’ translates into ‘Exhibition of young artist’s union’.
² ‘Mu’ translates into ‘Zero’ and ‘Shin Jun’ translates into ‘New Exhibition’.
₃‘Donghak’ translates into ‘Eastern Learning’. The ‘Donghak Peasant Revolution’ in Korea was the endpoint of a series of Japanese coups in Korea which brought the Joseon dynasty to an end. In the transitional economy, opened to uncontrollable foreign trade, Korean Yangban scholars and peasants attempted to stop further Japanese incursions into Korea and maintain independence. In the chaos, Japan invaded, put in puppet administrators, and began a colonial empire that lasted until their unconditional surrender in 1945. The question of whether the Donghak revolution was a provocation by Japan to create the circumstances for invasion which then became a mass peasant uprising; or whether it was an intellectually headed revolt that gained speed amongst the peasant classes, and then was exploited by Japan as a pretext for invasion is constantly studied and thoroughly debated by Korean historians” http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Donghak-Peasant-Revolution.
⁴Mikyung Kim, Experimental Art in Korea (Sigong Sa : Seoul, Korea, 2003), pp. 70-74
비닐우산과 촛불이 있는 해프닝
‘청년작가연립전’의 ‘무’ 동인 과 ‘신전’ 동인, 오광수 각본, 1967.12.14. 4:00-4:40, 중앙공보관 화랑, 제2전시실
<비닐우산과 촛불이 있는 해프닝>은 해프닝’이라는 이름으로 ‘청년작가연립전’ 전시기간 중에 행해진 한국 최초의 퍼포먼스이다. 강국진은 ‘신전’ 동인의 멤버로서 참가했으며 ‘무’ 동인과 함께 시연했다. ‘무’ 동인 회원은 김영자, 문복철, 이태현, 임단(임명진), 진익상, 최붕현으로 구성되어 있었고, ‘신전’ 동인은 강국진, 김인환, 심선희, 양덕수, 정강자, 정찬승 등이었다.
< 비닐 우산이 있는 해프닝>은 다음과 같이 진행되었다. 먼저 ‘무’ 동인의 김영자가 의자에 앉아 비닐우산을 편다. 동시에 ‘무’ 동인과 ‘신전’ 동인 작가들이 엄숙한 얼굴로 의자를 중심으로 원을 그리며 돌면서 ‘새야 새야 파랑새야’를 부르기 시작한다. 그들이 행위는 최붕현의 작품 <연통>이 설치된 위치에서 이루어졌다. 한 동안 원을 그리며 돌다가 작가들이 비닐 우산 위에 작은 촛불을 꽂고 나면, 의자에 앉았던 김영자가 일어나 원을 그리던 작가들의 행렬에 합류한다. 그들은 계속 ‘새야 새야 파랑새야’를 부르며 돌다가 김영자가 다시 의자에 앉으면 모두 달려들어 우산 위의 촛불을 끄고 비닐우산을 거칠게 찢기 시작한다. 처음에 노래를 부르면서 원을 그리며 돌던 그들의 얼굴은 엄숙했으나, 비닐우산을 찢을 때는 매우 신이 난 듯 웃는 모습이다. 그들은 갈기갈기 찢겨진 우산을 난폭하게 짓밟으며 의자를 넘어뜨리고 순식간에 난장판이 되어버린다.
각본을 만든 오광수에 의하면, 비닐우산이 핵우산을 상징하며 촛불은 순수한 인간정신을 상징하는 것이라고 주장했으며 ‘새야 새야 파랑새야’ 노래도 즉흥적으로 정해졌다고 한다. 또한 당시 해프닝 참가자들의 말을 인용한 보도를 보면, 그것은 전적으로 다다(Dada)적인 느낌을 강조하는 것이었으며 정치, 사회적 의미를 애써 부인하려 하는 것이었다.
그러나 <비닐우산과 촛불이 있는 해프닝>은 몇 가지의 의미를 동시에 내포하는 것으로 요약, 해석할 수 있다. 하나는 핵우산을 상징하는 비닐우산에 순수한 인간정신을 상징하는 촛불을 꽂는 행위를 통해 문명의 어두운 측면과 순수정신을 결합시킨다는 다소 광범위하며 추상적인 의미이다. 또 하나는 ‘새야 새야 파랑새야, 녹두 밭에 앉지 마라, 녹두 꽃이 떨어지면 청포장수 울고 간다’라는 노래를 통해 암암리에 ‘녹두장군’이라는 별명을 가진 동학 교주 전봉준의 사회개혁정신의 의미를 현대적으로 전환한 것으로 해석할 수 있다. 세 번째는 예술 내적인 문제인데, 모든 것을 짓밟는 행위로써 보수적인 기성예술계를 짓밟고 싶다는 충동을 나타냈다고도 볼 수 있을 것이다. ¹
(우산을 찢으며 강국진이 신이 난 듯 웃고 있다)(왼쪽에서 2번째)
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¹ 김미경, 『한국의 실험미술』(시공사, 2003), pp. 70-74 참조.
Happening with vinyl umbrella and candle light
Group ‘Mu’ and ‘Shin Jun’, with the scenario by Kwangsu Oh (art critic), 14 December 1967, 4:00-4:40 pm, ‘Chungnyun jakka yeunlipjun’ (Exhibition of young artist’s union), Exhibition hall 2, Gallery of ‘Joong Ang gongbokwan hwarang’ (Gallery of Joong Ang Public Information Center), Seoul, Korea
It was the winter of 1967 when a group of young unknown Korean artists of ‘Chungnyun jakka yeunlipjun’¹ played the very first group performance art ever to be performed in Korea under the title ‘happening’. This was much later belatedly became properly understood by public as a historic milestone with its full title of
KUKJIN KANG